{"id":913,"date":"2025-01-07T10:27:07","date_gmt":"2025-01-07T10:27:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/?page_id=913"},"modified":"2026-10-26T20:54:09","modified_gmt":"2026-10-26T18:54:09","slug":"%d9%85%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d9%85%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a\u0646\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-a882c58c wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--1\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-7-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/library\/\">English<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.il{--il-accent:#0e6b58;--il-ink:#16302b;--il-muted:#5d6e6a;--il-line:#e3eae8;--il-soft:#f3f7f6;--il-r:18px;--il-gap:clamp(16px,2vw,28px);--il-cols:3;max-width:1240px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 16px 48px;color:var(--il-ink);font-family:inherit}\n.il *,.il *::before,.il *::after{box-sizing:border-box}\n.il [hidden]{display:none!important}\n.il a{text-decoration:none;box-shadow:none}\n.il a:focus-visible,.il button:focus-visible,.il input:focus-visible,.il .il-track:focus-visible{outline:3px solid var(--il-accent);outline-offset:3px}\n.il-sr{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);white-space:nowrap}\n.il-none{text-align:center;color:#5d6e6a}\n\n\/* toolbar *\/\n.il .il-toolbar{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;gap:20px;margin:0 0 24px}\n.il .il-search{position:relative;width:100%;max-width:580px}\n.il .il-search svg{position:absolute;inset-inline-start:18px;top:50%;translate:0 -50%;width:20px;height:20px;color:var(--il-muted);pointer-events:none}\n.il .il-search input{display:block;width:100%;height:54px;margin:0;padding-block:0;padding-inline:50px 20px;border:1.5px solid var(--il-line);border-radius:999px;background:#fff;color:var(--il-ink);font:inherit;font-size:1rem;box-shadow:0 6px 20px -12px rgba(16,48,43,.25);transition:border-color .2s,box-shadow .2s}\n.il .il-search input:focus{outline:none;border-color:var(--il-accent);box-shadow:0 0 0 4px rgba(14,107,88,.14)}\n.il .il-chips{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;gap:10px}\n.il .il-chip{appearance:none;margin:0;padding:9px 18px;border:1.5px solid var(--il-line);border-radius:999px;background:#fff;color:var(--il-ink);font:inherit;font-size:.9rem;font-weight:600;line-height:1.3;cursor:pointer;box-shadow:none;transition:all .2s}\n.il .il-chip small{margin-inline-start:7px;font-size:.78em;font-weight:500;opacity:.6}\n.il .il-chip:hover{border-color:var(--il-accent);color:var(--il-accent);background:#fff}\n.il .il-chip[aria-pressed=\"true\"]{background:var(--il-accent);border-color:var(--il-accent);color:#fff}\n.il .il-status{margin:0 0 22px;text-align:center;color:var(--il-muted);font-size:.9rem}\n\n\/* grid *\/\n.il .il-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(var(--il-cols),minmax(0,1fr));gap:var(--il-gap)}\n@media(max-width:1024px){.il .il-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}}\n@media(max-width:640px){.il .il-grid{grid-template-columns:minmax(0,1fr)}}\n\n\/* card *\/\n.il .il-card{display:flex;flex-direction:column;min-width:0;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--il-line);border-radius:var(--il-r);overflow:hidden;transition:transform .35s cubic-bezier(.2,.8,.2,1),box-shadow .35s,border-color .35s}\n.il .il-card:hover{transform:translateY(-6px);box-shadow:0 24px 44px -20px rgba(16,48,43,.32);border-color:transparent}\n.il .il-card.is-in{animation:ilIn .5s cubic-bezier(.2,.8,.2,1) backwards}\n@keyframes ilIn{from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(18px)}}\n.il .il-media{position:relative;display:block;aspect-ratio:4\/3;overflow:hidden;background:var(--il-soft)}\n.il .il-media img{display:block;width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;margin:0;transition:transform .6s cubic-bezier(.2,.8,.2,1);-webkit-user-drag:none;user-select:none}\n.il .il-card:hover .il-media img{transform:scale(1.06)}\n.il .il-ph{display:grid;place-items:center;width:100%;height:100%;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#e3f0ed,#f7fbfa);color:var(--il-accent)}\n.il .il-body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;gap:10px;flex:1;padding:20px 22px 22px}\n.il .il-tag{padding:4px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:#e8f3f0;color:var(--il-accent);font-size:.75rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5}\n.il .il-title{margin:0;font-size:1.1rem;line-height:1.55;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:0}\n.il .il-title a,.il .il-excerpt{display:-webkit-box;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:3;overflow:hidden}\n.il .il-title a{color:inherit;transition:color .2s}\n.il .il-title a:hover{color:var(--il-accent)}\n.il .il-excerpt{margin:0;color:var(--il-muted);font-size:.93rem;line-height:1.8}\n.il .il-more{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;margin-top:auto;padding-top:8px;color:var(--il-accent);font-size:.92rem;font-weight:700}\n.il .il-more svg{width:18px;height:18px;transition:transform .25s}\n.il[dir=\"rtl\"] .il-more svg{transform:scaleX(-1)}\n.il .il-more:hover svg{transform:translateX(5px)}\n.il[dir=\"rtl\"] .il-more:hover svg{transform:scaleX(-1) translateX(5px)}\n\n\/* load more *\/\n.il .il-actions{display:flex;justify-content:center;margin-top:36px}\n.il .il-loadmore{appearance:none;padding:13px 34px;border:2px solid var(--il-accent);border-radius:999px;background:transparent;color:var(--il-accent);font:inherit;font-weight:700;cursor:pointer;box-shadow:none;transition:all .25s}\n.il .il-loadmore:hover{background:var(--il-accent);color:#fff}\n.il .il-empty{margin:40px 0;padding:36px 20px;border:1.5px dashed var(--il-line);border-radius:var(--il-r);text-align:center;color:var(--il-muted)}\n\n\/* center-mode carousel *\/\n.il--carousel{--il-cw:clamp(270px,30vw,370px)}\n.il .il-stage{position:relative}\n.il .il-track{display:flex;gap:var(--il-gap);overflow-x:auto;padding:44px calc(50% - var(--il-cw)\/2) 58px;scroll-snap-type:x mandatory;scrollbar-width:none;overscroll-behavior-x:contain;cursor:grab}\n.il .il-track::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}\n.il .il-track.is-drag{scroll-snap-type:none;cursor:grabbing}\n.il--carousel .il-card{flex:0 0 var(--il-cw);scroll-snap-align:center;transform:scale(.86);opacity:.5;transition:transform .5s cubic-bezier(.2,.8,.2,1),opacity .5s,box-shadow .5s,border-color .5s}\n.il--carousel .il-card:hover{transform:scale(.88)}\n.il--carousel .il-card.is-center{transform:scale(1);opacity:1;border-color:transparent;box-shadow:0 34px 56px -24px rgba(16,48,43,.42)}\n.il--carousel .il-card.is-center:hover{transform:scale(1.015)}\n.il .il-nav{position:absolute;top:calc(50% - 33px);z-index:3;display:grid;place-items:center;width:50px;height:50px;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;border-radius:50%;background:#fff;color:var(--il-ink);cursor:pointer;box-shadow:0 12px 28px -10px rgba(0,0,0,.35);transition:all .25s}\n.il .il-prev{inset-inline-start:6px}\n.il .il-next{inset-inline-end:6px}\n.il[dir=\"rtl\"] .il-nav svg{transform:scaleX(-1)}\n.il .il-nav:hover:not(:disabled){background:var(--il-accent);color:#fff}\n.il .il-nav:disabled{opacity:.35;cursor:default}\n.il .il-foot{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;gap:12px}\n.il .il-cur{color:var(--il-muted);font-size:.9rem;font-weight:600;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}\n.il .il-bar-wrap{display:block;width:min(320px,70%);height:4px;border-radius:4px;background:var(--il-line);overflow:hidden}\n.il .il-bar{display:block;height:100%;width:0;background:var(--il-accent);border-radius:4px;transition:width .45s}\n@media(max-width:640px){\n .il--carousel{--il-cw:74vw}\n .il .il-nav{width:42px;height:42px;top:calc(50% - 29px)}\n}\n@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){.il *{animation:none!important;transition:none!important}}<\/style><script>(function(){\n'use strict';\nvar reduce=window.matchMedia&&matchMedia('(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce)').matches;\nfunction norm(s){return String(s||'').toLowerCase().replace(\/[\\u064B-\\u065F\\u0670\\u0640]\/g,'').replace(\/[\\u0623\\u0625\\u0622\\u0671]\/g,'\\u0627').replace(\/\\u0649\/g,'\\u064A').replace(\/\\u0629\/g,'\\u0647').replace(\/\\s+\/g,' ').trim();}\n\nfunction list(root){\n var cards=[].slice.call(root.querySelectorAll('.il-card')),\n  per=parseInt(root.getAttribute('data-per'),10)||9,shown=per,cat='all',q='',t,\n  input=root.querySelector('.il-search input'),\n  chips=[].slice.call(root.querySelectorAll('.il-chip')),\n  status=root.querySelector('.il-status'),empty=root.querySelector('.il-empty'),\n  more=root.querySelector('.il-loadmore'),tpl=root.getAttribute('data-tpl')||'%d';\n cards.forEach(function(c){c._s=norm(c.getAttribute('data-search'));});\n function ok(c){\n  return (cat==='all'||(' '+c.getAttribute('data-cats')+' ').indexOf(' '+cat+' ')>-1)&&(!q||c._s.indexOf(q)>-1);\n }\n function render(from){\n  var m=cards.filter(ok);\n  cards.forEach(function(c){c.hidden=true;});\n  m.forEach(function(c,i){\n   if(i<shown){c.hidden=false;if(!c._in){c._in=1;c.classList.add('is-in');}}\n  });\n  if(status)status.textContent=tpl.replace('%d',m.length);\n  if(empty)empty.hidden=m.length>0;\n  if(more)more.hidden=m.length<=shown;\n  if(typeof from==='number'&&m[from]){var a=m[from].querySelector('.il-title a');if(a)a.focus();}\n }\n chips.forEach(function(b){\n  b.addEventListener('click',function(){\n   cat=b.getAttribute('data-cat');shown=per;\n   chips.forEach(function(x){x.setAttribute('aria-pressed',x===b?'true':'false');});\n   render();\n  });\n });\n if(input)input.addEventListener('input',function(){\n  clearTimeout(t);\n  t=setTimeout(function(){q=norm(input.value);shown=per;render();},120);\n });\n if(more)more.addEventListener('click',function(){var from=shown;shown+=per;render(from);});\n render();\n}\n\nfunction carousel(root){\n var track=root.querySelector('.il-track'),\n  cards=[].slice.call(track.querySelectorAll('.il-card')),\n  prev=root.querySelector('.il-prev'),next=root.querySelector('.il-next'),\n  cur=root.querySelector('.il-cur'),bar=root.querySelector('.il-bar'),\n  idx=0,tick=false,timer,\n  ap=parseFloat(root.getAttribute('data-autoplay'))||0,\n  rtl=root.getAttribute('dir')==='rtl',\n  down=false,moved=false,sx=0,sl=0;\n\n function centerIndex(){\n  var r=track.getBoundingClientRect(),mid=r.left+r.width\/2,best=0,d=1e9;\n  cards.forEach(function(c,i){\n   var b=c.getBoundingClientRect(),dd=Math.abs(b.left+b.width\/2-mid);\n   if(dd<d){d=dd;best=i;}\n  });\n  return best;\n }\n function update(){\n  idx=centerIndex();\n  cards.forEach(function(c,i){c.classList.toggle('is-center',i===idx);});\n  prev.disabled=idx===0;next.disabled=idx===cards.length-1;\n  cur.textContent=(idx+1)+' \/ '+cards.length;\n  bar.style.width=((idx+1)\/cards.length*100)+'%';\n }\n function go(i){\n  i=Math.max(0,Math.min(cards.length-1,i));\n  var r=track.getBoundingClientRect(),b=cards[i].getBoundingClientRect();\n  track.scrollBy({left:(b.left+b.width\/2)-(r.left+r.width\/2),behavior:reduce?'auto':'smooth'});\n }\n function play(){\n  if(!ap||reduce)return;stop();\n  timer=setInterval(function(){go(idx>=cards.length-1?0:idx+1);},ap*1000);\n }\n function stop(){clearInterval(timer);}\n\n prev.addEventListener('click',function(){go(idx-1);});\n next.addEventListener('click',function(){go(idx+1);});\n track.addEventListener('scroll',function(){\n  if(!tick){tick=true;requestAnimationFrame(function(){tick=false;update();});}\n },{passive:true});\n track.addEventListener('keydown',function(e){\n  if(e.key==='ArrowRight'||e.key==='ArrowLeft'){\n   e.preventDefault();\n   go(idx+(e.key==='ArrowRight'?1:-1)*(rtl?-1:1));\n  }\n });\n cards.forEach(function(c,i){\n  c.addEventListener('click',function(e){\n   if(!c.classList.contains('is-center')){e.preventDefault();go(i);}\n  });\n });\n\n \/* mouse drag (touch uses native swipe) *\/\n track.addEventListener('dragstart',function(e){e.preventDefault();});\n track.addEventListener('pointerdown',function(e){\n  if(e.pointerType!=='mouse'||e.button!==0)return;\n  down=true;moved=false;sx=e.clientX;sl=track.scrollLeft;\n });\n window.addEventListener('pointermove',function(e){\n  if(!down)return;\n  var dx=e.clientX-sx;\n  if(!moved&&Math.abs(dx)>6){moved=true;track.classList.add('is-drag');}\n  if(moved)track.scrollLeft=sl-dx;\n });\n window.addEventListener('pointerup',function(){\n  if(!down)return;down=false;\n  if(moved){track.classList.remove('is-drag');go(centerIndex());}\n });\n track.addEventListener('click',function(e){\n  if(moved){e.preventDefault();e.stopPropagation();moved=false;}\n },true);\n\n root.addEventListener('mouseenter',stop);root.addEventListener('mouseleave',play);\n root.addEventListener('focusin',stop);root.addEventListener('focusout',play);\n root.addEventListener('touchstart',stop,{passive:true});\n window.addEventListener('resize',update);\n update();play();\n}\n\nfunction boot(){\n [].forEach.call(document.querySelectorAll('.il[data-layout]'),function(r){\n  r.getAttribute('data-layout')==='carousel'?carousel(r):list(r);\n });\n}\ndocument.readyState==='loading'?document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',boot):boot();\n})();<\/script><section class=\"il il--filter\" dir=\"rtl\" lang=\"ar\" data-layout=\"filter\" data-per=\"9\" data-tpl=\"\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c: %d\" data-autoplay=\"0\" style=\"--il-cols:3\"><div class=\"il-toolbar\"><div class=\"il-search\" role=\"search\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><circle cx=\"11\" cy=\"11\" r=\"7\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M20 20l-3.5-3.5\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/><\/svg><input type=\"search\" placeholder=\"\u0627\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629\u2026\" aria-label=\"\u0628\u062d\u062b\" autocomplete=\"off\"><\/div><div class=\"il-chips\" role=\"group\" aria-label=\"\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"il-chip\" data-cat=\"all\" aria-pressed=\"true\">\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644<small>11<\/small><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"il-chip\" data-cat=\"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9\" aria-pressed=\"false\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<small>4<\/small><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"il-chip\" data-cat=\"%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%81%d8%a9\" aria-pressed=\"false\">\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629<small>2<\/small><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"il-chip\" data-cat=\"%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a9\" aria-pressed=\"false\">\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<small>2<\/small><\/button><button type=\"button\" class=\"il-chip\" data-cat=\"%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%b0%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%a9\" aria-pressed=\"false\">\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629<small>2<\/small><\/button><\/div><\/div><p class=\"il-status\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p><div class=\"il-grid\"><article class=\"il-card\" data-cats=\"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9\" data-search=\"\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2025 african arguments \u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0640 \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649\u2026 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\"><a class=\"il-media\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3-%d9%85%d8%b3\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img width=\"768\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-2-768x576.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-2-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-2-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-2-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-2.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"il-body\"><span class=\"il-tag\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/span><h3 class=\"il-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3-%d9%85%d8%b3\/\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"il-excerpt\">\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2025 African Arguments \u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0640 \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649\u2026<\/p><a class=\"il-more\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3-%d9%85%d8%b3\/\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M5 12h14M13 6l6 6-6 6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"il-sr\"> \u2013 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/article><article class=\"il-card\" data-cats=\"%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%81%d8%a9\" data-search=\"\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. 15 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2022 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\"><a class=\"il-media\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d9%85%d8%af%d8%ae%d9%84-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%83%d9%86%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d9%88\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img width=\"764\" height=\"510\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/gussai1img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/gussai1img.jpg 764w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/gussai1img-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 764px) 100vw, 764px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"il-body\"><span class=\"il-tag\">\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/span><h3 class=\"il-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d9%85%d8%af%d8%ae%d9%84-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%83%d9%86%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d9%88\/\">\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"il-excerpt\">\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. 15 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2022<\/p><a class=\"il-more\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d9%85%d8%af%d8%ae%d9%84-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%83%d9%86%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d9%88\/\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M5 12h14M13 6l6 6-6 6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"il-sr\"> \u2013 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/article><article class=\"il-card\" data-cats=\"%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%81%d8%a9\" data-search=\"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0643\u0628\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642.\u2026 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\"><a class=\"il-media\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%86%d8%af%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%8c-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%8c-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%85%d9%88-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a3\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img width=\"765\" height=\"509\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/kmgussai2-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/kmgussai2-1.jpg 765w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/kmgussai2-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 765px) 100vw, 765px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"il-body\"><span class=\"il-tag\">\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/span><h3 class=\"il-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%86%d8%af%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%8c-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%8c-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%85%d9%88-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a3\/\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"il-excerpt\">\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0643\u0628\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642.\u2026<\/p><a class=\"il-more\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%86%d8%af%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%8c-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%8c-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%85%d9%88-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a3\/\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M5 12h14M13 6l6 6-6 6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"il-sr\"> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/article><article class=\"il-card\" data-cats=\"\" data-search=\"\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0645\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0635\u0639\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f\u2026 \"><a class=\"il-media\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%83%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ac%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%8a\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img width=\"682\" height=\"962\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image26.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image26.jpg 682w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image26-213x300.jpg 213w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 682px) 100vw, 682px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"il-body\"><h3 class=\"il-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%83%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ac%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%8a\/\">\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"il-excerpt\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0645\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0635\u0639\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f\u2026<\/p><a class=\"il-more\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%83%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ac%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%8a\/\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M5 12h14M13 6l6 6-6 6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"il-sr\"> \u2013 \u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/article><article class=\"il-card\" data-cats=\"%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a9\" data-search=\"\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u064f\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u2026 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\"><a class=\"il-media\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d9%88%d9%82%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b1%d8%b7%d9%88%d9%85-%d8%a8%d9%8a\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img width=\"246\" height=\"462\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image27.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" \/><\/a><div class=\"il-body\"><span class=\"il-tag\">\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/span><h3 class=\"il-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d9%88%d9%82%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b1%d8%b7%d9%88%d9%85-%d8%a8%d9%8a\/\">\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"il-excerpt\">\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u064f\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u2026<\/p><a class=\"il-more\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d9%88%d9%82%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b1%d8%b7%d9%88%d9%85-%d8%a8%d9%8a\/\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M5 12h14M13 6l6 6-6 6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"il-sr\"> \u2013 \u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/article><article class=\"il-card\" data-cats=\"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9\" data-search=\"\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1791\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u2026 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\"><a class=\"il-media\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img width=\"765\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image33.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image33.jpg 765w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image33-300x173.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 765px) 100vw, 765px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"il-body\"><span class=\"il-tag\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/span><h3 class=\"il-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/\">\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"il-excerpt\">\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1791\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u2026<\/p><a class=\"il-more\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M5 12h14M13 6l6 6-6 6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"il-sr\"> \u2013 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/article><article class=\"il-card\" data-cats=\"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9\" data-search=\"\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 2019-2021 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 2019-2021\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u2026 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\"><a class=\"il-media\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%8a%d9%85-%d9%85%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img width=\"765\" height=\"573\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image07.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image07.jpg 765w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image07-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 765px) 100vw, 765px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"il-body\"><span class=\"il-tag\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/span><h3 class=\"il-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%8a%d9%85-%d9%85%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86\/\">\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 2019-2021<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"il-excerpt\">\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 2019-2021\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u2026<\/p><a class=\"il-more\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%8a%d9%85-%d9%85%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86\/\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M5 12h14M13 6l6 6-6 6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"il-sr\"> \u2013 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 2019-2021<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/article><article class=\"il-card\" data-cats=\"%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a9\" data-search=\"\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646: \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629: 60 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c\u2026 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\"><a class=\"il-media\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%87%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img width=\"765\" height=\"509\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image41.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image41.jpg 765w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image41-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 765px) 100vw, 765px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"il-body\"><span class=\"il-tag\">\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/span><h3 class=\"il-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%87%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84\/\">\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646: \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"il-excerpt\">\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629: 60 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c\u2026<\/p><a class=\"il-more\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%87%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84\/\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M5 12h14M13 6l6 6-6 6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"il-sr\"> \u2013 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646: \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/article><article class=\"il-card\" data-cats=\"%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%b0%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%a9\" data-search=\"\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2022 \u0643\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u2026 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629\"><a class=\"il-media\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%aa%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%a9\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img width=\"370\" height=\"246\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Muzan1-e1738061426315.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" \/><\/a><div class=\"il-body\"><span class=\"il-tag\">\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/span><h3 class=\"il-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%aa%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%a9\/\">\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0629<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"il-excerpt\">\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2022 \u0643\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u2026<\/p><a class=\"il-more\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%aa%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%a9\/\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M5 12h14M13 6l6 6-6 6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"il-sr\"> \u2013 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/article><article class=\"il-card\" data-cats=\"%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%b0%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%a9\" data-search=\"\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0623\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629&nbsp; \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0626\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627&nbsp; \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u2026 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629\"><a class=\"il-media\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%8c-%d8%b3%d8%a8%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%b4-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%9b-2\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img width=\"765\" height=\"765\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/BakrioRazaz-agro-food.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/BakrioRazaz-agro-food.jpg 765w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/BakrioRazaz-agro-food-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/BakrioRazaz-agro-food-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 765px) 100vw, 765px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"il-body\"><span class=\"il-tag\">\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/span><h3 class=\"il-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%8c-%d8%b3%d8%a8%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%b4-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%9b-2\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0623\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"il-excerpt\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629&nbsp; \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0626\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627&nbsp; \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u2026<\/p><a class=\"il-more\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%8c-%d8%b3%d8%a8%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%b4-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%9b-2\/\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M5 12h14M13 6l6 6-6 6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"il-sr\"> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0623\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/article><article class=\"il-card\" data-cats=\"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9\" data-search=\"\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u2026 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\"><a class=\"il-media\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b6%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a7\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img width=\"765\" height=\"573\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image96.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image96.jpg 765w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image96-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 765px) 100vw, 765px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"il-body\"><span class=\"il-tag\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/span><h3 class=\"il-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b6%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a7\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"il-excerpt\">\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u2026<\/p><a class=\"il-more\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b6%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a7\/\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M5 12h14M13 6l6 6-6 6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"il-sr\"> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/article><\/div><p class=\"il-empty\" hidden>\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629. \u062c\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627.<\/p><div class=\"il-actions\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"il-loadmore\" hidden>\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<\/button><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:60px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<section class=\"il il--carousel\" dir=\"rtl\" lang=\"ar\" data-layout=\"carousel\" data-per=\"9\" data-tpl=\"\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c: %d\" data-autoplay=\"5\" style=\"--il-cols:3\"><div class=\"il-stage\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"il-nav il-prev\" aria-label=\"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M15 6l-6 6 6 6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><\/button><div class=\"il-track\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"region\" aria-roledescription=\"carousel\" aria-label=\"\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\"><article class=\"il-card\" data-cats=\"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9\" data-search=\"\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2025 african arguments \u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0640 \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649\u2026 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\"><a class=\"il-media\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3-%d9%85%d8%b3\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img width=\"768\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-2-768x576.png\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-2-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-2-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-2-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-2.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"il-body\"><span class=\"il-tag\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/span><h3 class=\"il-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3-%d9%85%d8%b3\/\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"il-excerpt\">\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2025 African Arguments \u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0640 \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649\u2026<\/p><a class=\"il-more\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3-%d9%85%d8%b3\/\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M5 12h14M13 6l6 6-6 6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"il-sr\"> \u2013 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/article><article class=\"il-card\" data-cats=\"%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%81%d8%a9\" data-search=\"\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. 15 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2022 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\"><a class=\"il-media\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d9%85%d8%af%d8%ae%d9%84-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%83%d9%86%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d9%88\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img width=\"764\" height=\"510\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/gussai1img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/gussai1img.jpg 764w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/gussai1img-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 764px) 100vw, 764px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"il-body\"><span class=\"il-tag\">\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/span><h3 class=\"il-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d9%85%d8%af%d8%ae%d9%84-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%83%d9%86%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d9%88\/\">\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"il-excerpt\">\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. 15 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2022<\/p><a class=\"il-more\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d9%85%d8%af%d8%ae%d9%84-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%83%d9%86%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d9%88\/\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M5 12h14M13 6l6 6-6 6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"il-sr\"> \u2013 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/article><article class=\"il-card\" data-cats=\"%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%81%d8%a9\" data-search=\"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0643\u0628\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642.\u2026 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\"><a class=\"il-media\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%86%d8%af%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%8c-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%8c-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%85%d9%88-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a3\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img width=\"765\" height=\"509\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/kmgussai2-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/kmgussai2-1.jpg 765w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/kmgussai2-1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 765px) 100vw, 765px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"il-body\"><span class=\"il-tag\">\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629<\/span><h3 class=\"il-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%86%d8%af%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%8c-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%8c-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%85%d9%88-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a3\/\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"il-excerpt\">\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0643\u0628\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642.\u2026<\/p><a class=\"il-more\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%86%d8%af%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%8c-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%8c-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%85%d9%88-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a3\/\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M5 12h14M13 6l6 6-6 6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"il-sr\"> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/article><article class=\"il-card\" data-cats=\"\" data-search=\"\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0645\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0635\u0639\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f\u2026 \"><a class=\"il-media\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%83%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ac%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%8a\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img width=\"682\" height=\"962\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image26.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image26.jpg 682w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image26-213x300.jpg 213w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 682px) 100vw, 682px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"il-body\"><h3 class=\"il-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%83%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ac%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%8a\/\">\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"il-excerpt\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0645\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0635\u0639\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f\u2026<\/p><a class=\"il-more\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%83%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ac%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%8a\/\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M5 12h14M13 6l6 6-6 6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"il-sr\"> \u2013 \u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646: \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/article><article class=\"il-card\" data-cats=\"%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a9\" data-search=\"\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u064f\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u2026 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\"><a class=\"il-media\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d9%88%d9%82%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b1%d8%b7%d9%88%d9%85-%d8%a8%d9%8a\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img width=\"246\" height=\"462\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image27.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" \/><\/a><div class=\"il-body\"><span class=\"il-tag\">\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/span><h3 class=\"il-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d9%88%d9%82%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b1%d8%b7%d9%88%d9%85-%d8%a8%d9%8a\/\">\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"il-excerpt\">\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u064f\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u2026<\/p><a class=\"il-more\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d9%88%d9%82%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b1%d8%b7%d9%88%d9%85-%d8%a8%d9%8a\/\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M5 12h14M13 6l6 6-6 6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"il-sr\"> \u2013 \u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/article><article class=\"il-card\" data-cats=\"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9\" data-search=\"\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1791\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u2026 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\"><a class=\"il-media\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img width=\"765\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image33.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image33.jpg 765w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image33-300x173.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 765px) 100vw, 765px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"il-body\"><span class=\"il-tag\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/span><h3 class=\"il-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/\">\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"il-excerpt\">\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1791\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u2026<\/p><a class=\"il-more\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M5 12h14M13 6l6 6-6 6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"il-sr\"> \u2013 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/article><article class=\"il-card\" data-cats=\"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9\" data-search=\"\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 2019-2021 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 2019-2021\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u2026 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\"><a class=\"il-media\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%8a%d9%85-%d9%85%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img width=\"765\" height=\"573\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image07.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image07.jpg 765w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image07-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 765px) 100vw, 765px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"il-body\"><span class=\"il-tag\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/span><h3 class=\"il-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%8a%d9%85-%d9%85%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86\/\">\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 2019-2021<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"il-excerpt\">\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 2019-2021\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u2026<\/p><a class=\"il-more\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%8a%d9%85-%d9%85%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86\/\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M5 12h14M13 6l6 6-6 6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"il-sr\"> \u2013 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 2019-2021<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/article><article class=\"il-card\" data-cats=\"%d8%b9%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%a9\" data-search=\"\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646: \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629: 60 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c\u2026 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\"><a class=\"il-media\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%87%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img width=\"765\" height=\"509\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image41.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image41.jpg 765w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image41-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 765px) 100vw, 765px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"il-body\"><span class=\"il-tag\">\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/span><h3 class=\"il-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%87%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84\/\">\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646: \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"il-excerpt\">\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629: 60 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c\u2026<\/p><a class=\"il-more\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%87%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84\/\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M5 12h14M13 6l6 6-6 6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"il-sr\"> \u2013 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646: \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/article><article class=\"il-card\" data-cats=\"%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%b0%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%a9\" data-search=\"\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2022 \u0643\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u2026 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629\"><a class=\"il-media\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%aa%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%a9\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img width=\"370\" height=\"246\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Muzan1-e1738061426315.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" \/><\/a><div class=\"il-body\"><span class=\"il-tag\">\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/span><h3 class=\"il-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%aa%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%a9\/\">\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0629<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"il-excerpt\">\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2022 \u0643\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u2026<\/p><a class=\"il-more\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%aa%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%a9\/\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M5 12h14M13 6l6 6-6 6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"il-sr\"> \u2013 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/article><article class=\"il-card\" data-cats=\"%d9%86%d8%b8%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ba%d8%b0%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%a9\" data-search=\"\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0623\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629&nbsp; \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0626\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627&nbsp; \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u2026 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629\"><a class=\"il-media\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%8c-%d8%b3%d8%a8%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%b4-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%9b-2\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img width=\"765\" height=\"765\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/BakrioRazaz-agro-food.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/BakrioRazaz-agro-food.jpg 765w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/BakrioRazaz-agro-food-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/BakrioRazaz-agro-food-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 765px) 100vw, 765px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"il-body\"><span class=\"il-tag\">\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/span><h3 class=\"il-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%8c-%d8%b3%d8%a8%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%b4-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%9b-2\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0623\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"il-excerpt\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629&nbsp; \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0626\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627&nbsp; \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u2026<\/p><a class=\"il-more\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b2%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%8c-%d8%b3%d8%a8%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%b4-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%9b-2\/\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M5 12h14M13 6l6 6-6 6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"il-sr\"> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0623\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/article><article class=\"il-card\" data-cats=\"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9\" data-search=\"\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u2026 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\"><a class=\"il-media\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b6%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a7\/\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><img width=\"765\" height=\"573\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image96.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large wp-post-image\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image96.jpg 765w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image96-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 765px) 100vw, 765px\" \/><\/a><div class=\"il-body\"><span class=\"il-tag\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/span><h3 class=\"il-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b6%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a7\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627<\/a><\/h3><p class=\"il-excerpt\">\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u2026<\/p><a class=\"il-more\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b6%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a7\/\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" focusable=\"false\"><path d=\"M5 12h14M13 6l6 6-6 6\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"il-sr\"> \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/article><\/div><button type=\"button\" 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class=\"il-bar\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":11,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u06312021\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0641\u064d \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 (round-table) \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u201c\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b6%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a7\/\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.4\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f - \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627 - \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u06312021\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0641\u064d \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 (round-table) \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u201c\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b6%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a7\/\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ISTinaD-logo.png\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:secure_url\" content=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ISTinaD-logo.png\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-01-21T12:48:00+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-01-31T09:33:01+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627 - \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u06312021\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0641\u064d \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 (round-table) \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u201c\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:image\" 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\\u0627\\u0644\\u0633\\u064a\\u0627\\u0633\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0635\\u0646\\u0627\\u0639\\u064a\\u0629 \\u0644\\u0644\\u0633\\u0648\\u062f\\u0627\\u0646 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0628\\u062f\\u0621 \\u0628\\u062a\\u062d\\u062f\\u064a\\u062f \\u0625\\u0637\\u0627\\u0631 \\u0647\\u0630\\u0647 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0633\\u064a\\u0627\\u0633\\u0629 \\u0648\\u0645\\u062d\\u062f\\u062f\\u0627\\u062a\\u0647\\u0627 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0639\\u0627\\u0645\\u0629 \\u0648\\u0641\\u064a \\u0647\\u0630\\u0627 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0633\\u064a\\u0627\\u0642 \\u0646\\u0638\\u0651\\u0645 \\u0645\\u0639\\u0647\\u062f \\u062f\\u0631\\u0627\\u0633\\u0627\\u062a \\u0627\\u0644\\u0633\\u064a\\u0627\\u0633\\u0627\\u062a \\u0627\\u0644\\u0635\\u0646\\u0627\\u0639\\u064a\\u0629\\u060c \\u0628\\u0645\\u0631\\u0643\\u0632 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0628\\u062d\\u0648\\u062b \\u0648\\u0627\\u0644\\u0627\\u0633\\u062a\\u0634\\u0627\\u0631\\u0627\\u062a \\u0627\\u0644\\u0635\\u0646\\u0627\\u0639\\u064a\\u0629 \\u0641\\u064a 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\u0647\u0630\u0647","og:url":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b6%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a7\/","og:image":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ISTinaD-logo.png","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ISTinaD-logo.png","article:published_time":"2022-01-21T12:48:00+00:00","article:modified_time":"2025-01-31T09:33:01+00:00","twitter:card":"summary_large_image","twitter:title":"\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627 - \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f","twitter:description":"\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u06312021\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0641\u064d \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a 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