{"id":913,"date":"2025-01-07T10:27:07","date_gmt":"2025-01-07T10:27:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/?page_id=913"},"modified":"2025-04-11T09:18:43","modified_gmt":"2025-04-11T07:18:43","slug":"%d9%85%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d9%85%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%a7\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a\u0646\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-1 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--1\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-ast-global-color-7-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/library\/\">English<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<form role=\"search\" method=\"get\" action=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/\" class=\"wp-block-search__button-inside 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https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-2.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"uagb-post__title uagb-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3-%d9%85%d8%b3\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__text uagb-post-grid-byline'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__text uagb-post__excerpt'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2025 African Arguments \u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0641\u0627\u062a&#8230;\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-post__text uagb-post__cta wp-block-button\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"wp-block-button__link uagb-text-link\" style=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3-%d9%85%d8%b3\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">Read More<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<article class=\"uagb-post__inner-wrap\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__image'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d9%85%d8%af%d8%ae%d9%84-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%83%d9%86%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d9%88\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\" class='uagb-image-ratio-2-3'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"764\" height=\"510\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/gussai1img.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/gussai1img.jpg 764w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/gussai1img-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 764px) 100vw, 764px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"uagb-post__title uagb-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d9%85%d8%af%d8%ae%d9%84-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%83%d9%86%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d9%88\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__text uagb-post-grid-byline'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__text uagb-post__excerpt'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. 15 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2022 \u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623&#8230;\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-post__text uagb-post__cta wp-block-button\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"wp-block-button__link uagb-text-link\" style=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d9%85%d8%af%d8%ae%d9%84-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%83%d9%86%d9%88%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d9%88\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">Read More<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<article class=\"uagb-post__inner-wrap\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__image'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%86%d8%af%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%8c-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%8c-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%85%d9%88-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a3\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\" class='uagb-image-ratio-2-3'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"765\" height=\"509\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/kmgussai2-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large 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uagb-post-grid-byline'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__text uagb-post__excerpt'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0635 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a&#8230;\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-post__text uagb-post__cta wp-block-button\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"wp-block-button__link uagb-text-link\" style=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%86%d8%af%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%8c-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9%d8%8c-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%85%d9%88-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a3\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">Read More<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<article class=\"uagb-post__inner-wrap\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__image'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%83%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ac%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%8a\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\" class='uagb-image-ratio-2-3'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"682\" height=\"962\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image26.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image26.jpg 682w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image26-213x300.jpg 213w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 682px) 100vw, 682px\" 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uagb-post__excerpt'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0645\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646&#8230;\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-post__text uagb-post__cta wp-block-button\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"wp-block-button__link uagb-text-link\" style=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%83%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%86%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ac%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%8a\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">Read 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href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b3%d9%83%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d9%88%d9%82%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b1%d8%b7%d9%88%d9%85-%d8%a8%d9%8a\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a: \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__text uagb-post-grid-byline'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__text uagb-post__excerpt'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u062f\u0648\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f 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href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\" class='uagb-image-ratio-2-3'><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"765\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image33.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium_large size-medium_large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image33.jpg 765w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image33-300x173.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 765px) 100vw, 765px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"uagb-post__title uagb-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__text uagb-post-grid-byline'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__text uagb-post__excerpt'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1791\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a&#8230;\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-post__text uagb-post__cta wp-block-button\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"wp-block-button__link uagb-text-link\" style=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">Read More<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-post-pagination-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span aria-current=\"page\" class=\"page-numbers current\">1<\/span>\n<a class=\"page-numbers\" 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