{"id":924,"date":"2025-01-07T15:59:33","date_gmt":"2025-01-07T15:59:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/?page_id=924"},"modified":"2025-03-28T11:26:29","modified_gmt":"2025-03-28T09:26:29","slug":"%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a8%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%ac%d9%86%d8%a7\/%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-1 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-outline is-style-outline--1\"><a 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629\u0641\u064a &#8220;\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0650\u0646\u0627\u062f&#8221; \u0646\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f. \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-right\"><strong>\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:53px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-post-carousel uagb-post-grid  uagb-post__image-position-background uagb-post__image-enabled uagb-block-b4190288     uagb-post__arrow-outside uagb-slick-carousel uagb-post__items uagb-post__columns-3 is-carousel uagb-post__columns-tablet-2 uagb-post__columns-mobile-1\" data-total=\"1\" style=\"\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<article class=\"uagb-post__inner-wrap\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"uagb-post__title uagb-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3-%d9%85%d8%b3\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__text uagb-post-grid-byline'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time datetime=\"2025-07-02T09:28:26+02:00\" class=\"uagb-post__date\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dashicons-calendar dashicons\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648, 2025\t\t\t\t<\/time>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-post__comment\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dashicons-admin-comments dashicons\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__text uagb-post__excerpt'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2025 African Arguments \u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0641\u0627\u062a&#8230;\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-post__text uagb-post__cta wp-block-button\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"wp-block-button__link uagb-text-link\" style=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3-%d9%85%d8%b3\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">Read More<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__image'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3-%d9%85%d8%b3\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-2-1024x768.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-2-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-2-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-2-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/image-2.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<article class=\"uagb-post__inner-wrap\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"uagb-post__title uagb-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__text uagb-post-grid-byline'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time datetime=\"2022-11-21T14:52:00+02:00\" class=\"uagb-post__date\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dashicons-calendar dashicons\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631, 2022\t\t\t\t<\/time>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-post__comment\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dashicons-admin-comments dashicons\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__text uagb-post__excerpt'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1791\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a&#8230;\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"uagb-post__text uagb-post__cta wp-block-button\">\n\t\t\t\t<a class=\"wp-block-button__link uagb-text-link\" style=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">Read More<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__image'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"765\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image33.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" 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\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 2019-2021<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__text uagb-post-grid-byline'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time datetime=\"2022-11-21T11:30:28+02:00\" class=\"uagb-post__date\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dashicons-calendar dashicons\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631, 2022\t\t\t\t<\/time>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-post__comment\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dashicons-admin-comments dashicons\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__text uagb-post__excerpt'>\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%8a%d9%85-%d9%85%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"765\" height=\"573\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image07.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image07.jpg 765w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image07-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 765px) 100vw, 765px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<article class=\"uagb-post__inner-wrap\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"uagb-post__title uagb-post__text\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b6%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a7\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__text uagb-post-grid-byline'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<time datetime=\"2022-01-21T14:48:00+02:00\" class=\"uagb-post__date\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dashicons-calendar dashicons\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631, 2022\t\t\t\t<\/time>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"uagb-post__comment\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dashicons-admin-comments dashicons\"><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f 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href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b6%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a7\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\">Read More<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class='uagb-post__image'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88-%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b6%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a7\/\" target=\"_self\" rel=\"bookmark noopener noreferrer\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"765\" height=\"573\" src=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image96.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image96.jpg 765w, https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image96-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 765px) 100vw, 765px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 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