{"id":1077,"date":"2022-11-21T14:52:00","date_gmt":"2022-11-21T12:52:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/?p=1077"},"modified":"2025-01-31T11:25:45","modified_gmt":"2025-01-31T09:25:45","slug":"%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"has-text-align-right\" id=\"text220\">\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1791\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627) \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0641\u064a \u0637\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627&#8221; \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629\/\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 &#8211; \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 &#8211; \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"http:\/\/suraadiq.com\/en\/media\/1965\/\">\u0627\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1791\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":988,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[65],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[102],"class_list":["post-1077","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-65","author-gussai-ar"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1791\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627) \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 &quot;\u0641\u064a \u0637\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627&quot; \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Mohamed Mahmoud\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 4.9.10\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f - \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 - \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1791\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627) \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 &quot;\u0641\u064a \u0637\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627&quot; \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ISTinaD-logo.png\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:secure_url\" content=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ISTinaD-logo.png\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-11-21T12:52:00+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-01-31T09:25:45+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 - \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1791\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627) \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 &quot;\u0641\u064a \u0637\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627&quot; \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"twitter:image\" content=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ISTinaD-logo.png\" \/>\n\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"aioseo-schema\">\n\t\t\t{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"BlogPosting\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\\\/#blogposting\",\"name\":\"\\u0633\\u064a\\u0627\\u0633\\u0627\\u062a \\u0635\\u0646\\u0627\\u0639\\u064a\\u0629 \\u0644\\u0644\\u0628\\u0644\\u062f\\u0627\\u0646 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0646\\u0627\\u0645\\u064a\\u0629: \\u0646\\u0647\\u062c \\u0627\\u0644\\u062f\\u0648\\u0644\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0646\\u0645\\u0648\\u064a\\u0629 - \\u0627\\u0633\\u062a\\u0646\\u0627\\u062f\",\"headline\":\"\\u0633\\u064a\\u0627\\u0633\\u0627\\u062a \\u0635\\u0646\\u0627\\u0639\\u064a\\u0629 \\u0644\\u0644\\u0628\\u0644\\u062f\\u0627\\u0646 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0646\\u0627\\u0645\\u064a\\u0629: \\u0646\\u0647\\u062c \\u0627\\u0644\\u062f\\u0648\\u0644\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0646\\u0645\\u0648\\u064a\\u0629\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/author\\\/m-m\\\/#author\"},\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/01\\\/image33.jpg\",\"width\":765,\"height\":441,\"caption\":\"Image from Development Governance book, writer Gusai Sheikeldeen\"},\"datePublished\":\"2022-11-21T14:52:00+02:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-01-31T11:25:45+02:00\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\\\/#webpage\"},\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\\\/#webpage\"},\"articleSection\":\"\\u0627\\u0644\\u0633\\u064a\\u0627\\u0633\\u0627\\u062a \\u0627\\u0644\\u0635\\u0646\\u0627\\u0639\\u064a\\u0629, \\u0627\\u0644\\u0639\\u0631\\u0628\\u064a\\u0629, pll_678f988346324, \\u0642\\u0635\\u064a \\u0634\\u064a\\u062e \\u0627\\u0644\\u062f\\u064a\\u0646\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\\\/#breadcrumblist\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar#listItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\",\"nextItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/category\\\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"\\u0627\\u0644\\u0633\\u064a\\u0627\\u0633\\u0627\\u062a \\u0627\\u0644\\u0635\\u0646\\u0627\\u0639\\u064a\\u0629\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/category\\\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"\\u0627\\u0644\\u0633\\u064a\\u0627\\u0633\\u0627\\u062a \\u0627\\u0644\\u0635\\u0646\\u0627\\u0639\\u064a\\u0629\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/category\\\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9\\\/\",\"nextItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"\\u0633\\u064a\\u0627\\u0633\\u0627\\u062a \\u0635\\u0646\\u0627\\u0639\\u064a\\u0629 \\u0644\\u0644\\u0628\\u0644\\u062f\\u0627\\u0646 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0646\\u0627\\u0645\\u064a\\u0629: \\u0646\\u0647\\u062c \\u0627\\u0644\\u062f\\u0648\\u0644\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0646\\u0645\\u0648\\u064a\\u0629\"},\"previousItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar#listItem\",\"name\":\"Home\"}},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\\\/#listItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"\\u0633\\u064a\\u0627\\u0633\\u0627\\u062a \\u0635\\u0646\\u0627\\u0639\\u064a\\u0629 \\u0644\\u0644\\u0628\\u0644\\u062f\\u0627\\u0646 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0646\\u0627\\u0645\\u064a\\u0629: \\u0646\\u0647\\u062c \\u0627\\u0644\\u062f\\u0648\\u0644\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0646\\u0645\\u0648\\u064a\\u0629\",\"previousItem\":{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/category\\\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9\\\/#listItem\",\"name\":\"\\u0627\\u0644\\u0633\\u064a\\u0627\\u0633\\u0627\\u062a \\u0627\\u0644\\u0635\\u0646\\u0627\\u0639\\u064a\\u0629\"}}]},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"\\u0627\\u0633\\u062a\\u0646\\u0627\\u062f\",\"description\":\"\\u0627\\u0644\\u0627\\u0628\\u062a\\u0643\\u0627\\u0631 \\u0648\\u0627\\u0644\\u0639\\u0644\\u0648\\u0645 \\u0648\\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0643\\u0646\\u0644\\u0648\\u062c\\u064a\\u0627 \\u0645\\u0646 \\u0627\\u062c\\u0644 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0646\\u0645\\u064a\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0646\\u0627\\u0641\\u0639\\u0629 \\u0644\\u0644\\u0645\\u062c\\u062a\\u0645\\u0639\\u0627\\u062a\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/01\\\/ISTinaD-logo.png\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\\\/#organizationLogo\",\"width\":704,\"height\":704},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\\\/#organizationLogo\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/author\\\/m-m\\\/#author\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/author\\\/m-m\\\/\",\"name\":\"Mohamed Mahmoud\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\\\/#authorImage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/9537b3f4363177e1d9c6c346280528e6?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"width\":96,\"height\":96,\"caption\":\"Mohamed Mahmoud\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\\\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\\\/\",\"name\":\"\\u0633\\u064a\\u0627\\u0633\\u0627\\u062a \\u0635\\u0646\\u0627\\u0639\\u064a\\u0629 \\u0644\\u0644\\u0628\\u0644\\u062f\\u0627\\u0646 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0646\\u0627\\u0645\\u064a\\u0629: \\u0646\\u0647\\u062c \\u0627\\u0644\\u062f\\u0648\\u0644\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0646\\u0645\\u0648\\u064a\\u0629 - \\u0627\\u0633\\u062a\\u0646\\u0627\\u062f\",\"description\":\"\\u0641\\u064a \\u0639\\u0627\\u0645 1791\\u060c \\u0642\\u062f\\u0645 \\u0623\\u0644\\u0643\\u0633\\u0646\\u062f\\u0631 \\u0647\\u0627\\u0645\\u064a\\u0644\\u062a\\u0648\\u0646\\u060c \\u0648\\u0632\\u064a\\u0631 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062e\\u0632\\u0627\\u0646\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0623\\u0645\\u0631\\u064a\\u0643\\u064a\\u060c \\u062a\\u0642\\u0631\\u064a\\u0631\\u064b\\u0627 \\u0625\\u0644\\u0649 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0643\\u0648\\u0646\\u063a\\u0631\\u0633 \\u062d\\u0648\\u0644 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0635\\u0646\\u0627\\u0639\\u0629 \\u0641\\u064a \\u0627\\u0644\\u0648\\u0644\\u0627\\u064a\\u0627\\u062a \\u0627\\u0644\\u0645\\u062a\\u062d\\u062f\\u0629\\u060c \\u062d\\u064a\\u062b \\u0627\\u0639\\u062a\\u0628\\u0631 \\u0623\\u0646 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0648\\u0644\\u0627\\u064a\\u0627\\u062a \\u0627\\u0644\\u0645\\u062a\\u062d\\u062f\\u0629 \\u0628\\u0627\\u0642\\u062a\\u0635\\u0627\\u062f\\u0647\\u0627 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0635\\u0646\\u0627\\u0639\\u064a \\u0627\\u0644\\u0630\\u064a \\u0643\\u0627\\u0646 \\u0622\\u0646\\u0630\\u0627\\u0643 \\u0645\\u062a\\u062e\\u0644\\u0641\\u064b\\u0627 (\\u0645\\u0642\\u0627\\u0631\\u0646\\u0629 \\u0628\\u0623\\u0648\\u0631\\u0648\\u0628\\u0627) \\u0628\\u062d\\u0627\\u062c\\u0629 \\u0625\\u0644\\u0649 \\u062d\\u0645\\u0627\\u064a\\u0629 \\u0648\\u062f\\u0639\\u0645 \\u0635\\u0646\\u0627\\u0639\\u0627\\u062a\\u0647\\u0627 \\\"\\u0641\\u064a \\u0637\\u0641\\u0648\\u0644\\u062a\\u0647\\u0627\\\" \\u062d\\u062a\\u0649 \\u062a\\u0635\\u0644 \\u0625\\u0644\\u0649 \\u0645\\u0633\\u062a\\u0648\\u0649 \\u0643\\u0627\\u0641\\u064d \\u0645\\u0646 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0642\\u0648\\u0629 \\u0644\\u0644\\u062a\\u0646\\u0627\\u0641\\u0633 \\u0645\\u0639 \\u0645\\u0646\\u062a\\u062c\\u0627\\u062a \\u0623\\u0648\\u0631\\u0648\\u0628\\u0627. \\u0642\\u062f \\u062a\\u0643\\u0648\\u0646 \\u0647\\u0630\\u0647 \\u0628\\u062f\\u0627\\u064a\\u0629 \\u0645\\u0627 \\u064a\\u0639\\u0631\\u0641 \\u0644\\u0627\\u062d\\u0642\\u064b\\u0627\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/#website\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\\\/#breadcrumblist\"},\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/author\\\/m-m\\\/#author\"},\"creator\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/author\\\/m-m\\\/#author\"},\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/01\\\/image33.jpg\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\\\/#mainImage\",\"width\":765,\"height\":441,\"caption\":\"Image from Development Governance book, writer Gusai Sheikeldeen\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\\\/#mainImage\"},\"datePublished\":\"2022-11-21T14:52:00+02:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-01-31T11:25:45+02:00\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/\",\"name\":\"\\u0627\\u0633\\u062a\\u0646\\u0627\\u062f\",\"description\":\"\\u0627\\u0644\\u0627\\u0628\\u062a\\u0643\\u0627\\u0631 \\u0648\\u0627\\u0644\\u0639\\u0644\\u0648\\u0645 \\u0648\\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0643\\u0646\\u0644\\u0648\\u062c\\u064a\\u0627 \\u0645\\u0646 \\u0627\\u062c\\u0644 \\u0627\\u0644\\u062a\\u0646\\u0645\\u064a\\u0629 \\u0627\\u0644\\u0646\\u0627\\u0641\\u0639\\u0629 \\u0644\\u0644\\u0645\\u062c\\u062a\\u0645\\u0639\\u0627\\u062a\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/istinad.org\\\/ar\\\/#organization\"}}]}\n\t\t<\/script>\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO -->\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 - \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f","description":"\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1791\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627) \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \"\u0641\u064a \u0637\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\" \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627","canonical_url":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/#blogposting","name":"\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 - \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f","headline":"\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/author\/m-m\/#author"},"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/#organization"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image33.jpg","width":765,"height":441,"caption":"Image from Development Governance book, writer Gusai Sheikeldeen"},"datePublished":"2022-11-21T14:52:00+02:00","dateModified":"2025-01-31T11:25:45+02:00","inLanguage":"ar","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/#webpage"},"isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/#webpage"},"articleSection":"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629, \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629, pll_678f988346324, \u0642\u0635\u064a \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/#breadcrumblist","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar#listItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar","nextItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/category\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9\/#listItem","name":"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629"}},{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/category\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9\/#listItem","position":2,"name":"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629","item":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/category\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9\/","nextItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/#listItem","name":"\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629"},"previousItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar#listItem","name":"Home"}},{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/#listItem","position":3,"name":"\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629","previousItem":{"@type":"ListItem","@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/category\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9\/#listItem","name":"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629"}}]},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/#organization","name":"\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f","description":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a","url":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ISTinaD-logo.png","@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/#organizationLogo","width":704,"height":704},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/#organizationLogo"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/author\/m-m\/#author","url":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/author\/m-m\/","name":"Mohamed Mahmoud","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/#authorImage","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/9537b3f4363177e1d9c6c346280528e6?s=96&d=mm&r=g","width":96,"height":96,"caption":"Mohamed Mahmoud"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/#webpage","url":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/","name":"\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 - \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f","description":"\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1791\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627) \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \"\u0641\u064a \u0637\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\" \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627","inLanguage":"ar","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/#website"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/#breadcrumblist"},"author":{"@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/author\/m-m\/#author"},"creator":{"@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/author\/m-m\/#author"},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image33.jpg","@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/#mainImage","width":765,"height":441,"caption":"Image from Development Governance book, writer Gusai Sheikeldeen"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/#mainImage"},"datePublished":"2022-11-21T14:52:00+02:00","dateModified":"2025-01-31T11:25:45+02:00"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/#website","url":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/","name":"\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f","description":"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a","inLanguage":"ar","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/#organization"}}]},"og:locale":"ar_AR","og:site_name":"\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f - \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a","og:type":"article","og:title":"\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 - \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f","og:description":"\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1791\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627) \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 &quot;\u0641\u064a \u0637\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627&quot; \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627","og:url":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/","og:image":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ISTinaD-logo.png","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ISTinaD-logo.png","article:published_time":"2022-11-21T12:52:00+00:00","article:modified_time":"2025-01-31T09:25:45+00:00","twitter:card":"summary_large_image","twitter:title":"\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 - \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f","twitter:description":"\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1791\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627) \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 &quot;\u0641\u064a \u0637\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627&quot; \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627","twitter:image":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/ISTinaD-logo.png"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"1077","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":{"focus":{"keyphrase":"","score":0,"analysis":{"keyphraseInTitle":{"score":0,"maxScore":9,"error":1}}},"additional":[]},"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":"","og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"BlogPosting","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":"default","schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":"-1","robots_max_videopreview":"-1","robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":"default","local_seo":null,"breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"ai":null,"created":"2025-01-21 12:52:19","updated":"2025-08-29 15:52:24","seo_analyzer_scan_date":null},"aioseo_breadcrumb":"<div class=\"aioseo-breadcrumbs\"><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\" title=\"Home\">Home<\/a>\n\t\t<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">&raquo;<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/category\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9\/\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/a>\n\t\t<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb-separator\">&raquo;<\/span><span class=\"aioseo-breadcrumb\">\n\t\t\t\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629\n\t\t<\/span><\/div>","aioseo_breadcrumb_json":[{"label":"Home","link":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar"},{"label":"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629","link":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/category\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9\/"},{"label":"\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629","link":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d9%87%d8%ac-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af\/"}],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image33.jpg",765,441,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image33-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image33-300x173.jpg",300,173,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image33.jpg",765,441,false],"large":["https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image33.jpg",765,441,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image33.jpg",765,441,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image33.jpg",765,441,false],"trp-custom-language-flag":["https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/image33.jpg",18,10,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Mohamed Mahmoud","author_link":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/author\/m-m\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1791\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 (\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627) [&hellip;]","authors":[{"term_id":102,"user_id":0,"is_guest":1,"slug":"gussai-ar","display_name":"\u0642\u0635\u064a \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/photo_2025-03-14-11.49.56.jpeg","url2x":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/photo_2025-03-14-11.49.56.jpeg"},"author_category":"","first_name":"\u0642\u0635\u064a","last_name":"\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646","user_url":"","job_title":"","description":"\u0642\u0635\u064a \u0647\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0646\u064f\u0638\u064f\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u0627. \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 (\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0641\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627. \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u201d (\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627). \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 1982"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1077","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1077"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1077\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1416,"href":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1077\/revisions\/1416"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/988"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1077"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1077"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1077"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/istinad.org\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=1077"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}